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In this work, the cells were heated to fire by an electric heater. The combustion processes are shown in Figure 1. From the Figure 1, it can be seen that at different states, the lithium ion battery shows the similar combustion behavior, however, there are some differences as well. The combustion behavior can be divided into igniting, stable combusting and extinguishing stages.
Combustion behaviors of 0%, 50% and 100% SOC batteries.
(a), (d), (g) and (h) are combustion behaviors of 100% SOC battery; (b), (e) and (i) are combustion behaviors of 50% SOC battery; (c), (f) and (j) are combustion behaviors of 0% SOC battery.
Stage III (extinguishing): The flame region was reduced gradually and extinguished at the end as shown in Figure 1(i) and 1(j). In this stage, the reaction between electrolyte and electrode materials is weakened as the residual quantity of electrolyte is decreased. The combustion times are about 2160 s and 790 s for 0% SOC and 50% SOC cells respectively. For the 100% SOC cell, it was extinguished with the ejection of the strong smoke flow at 1990 s.
Mass loss ratio of batteries in 0%, 50% and 100% SOC during combustion.
Four thermocouples were set on the surface and six thermocouples were set beside the electrodes to detect the surface and flame temperature as shown in Figure 3. The nonuniform reactions in the battery may influence the distribution of surface temperature. The variation of surface and flame temperatures during combustion was analyzed in the following to discover the rules of occurring and developing of battery fire.
Surface and flame temperature curve of 0% SOC battery during the whole progress.
(a) is the surface temperature, (b) is the flame temperature.
Surface and flame temperature curve of 50%SOC battery during the whole progress.
Surface and flame temperature curve of 100%SOC battery.
Figure 3(b), Figure 4(b) and Figure 5(b) show flame temperature of the three batteries. For 0% SOC battery, TC E5 (100 mm above E4) detected a higher temperature of flame than other thermocouples at cathode side and the highest temperature is 849°C at 87 mins 3 s (5223.51 s). For 50% and 100% SOC battery, TC E2 (100 mm above E1) detected a higher temperature than the other two at the anode side and the highest flame temperature is 711°C and 750°C for two cells respectively. In summary, the temperature of flame is between 700 and 900°C and the flame center is in about 100 mm above safety valve.
Surface temperature, mass loss rate and heat release rate of 100% SOC LTO cell when heated an electric heater.
S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 represent 5 segments of battery combustion through the obvious difference in variation of mass during the total experiment.
The heat flows of charged electrodes coexist with electrolyte23.
Based on these results, it can be speculated that the sudden increase of surface temperature in S4 segment was induced by the second exothermal reaction of NCM material. Large quantities of heat (mainly produced by NCM decomposition) enhance the whole battery temperature and decline the adhesion of the active materials to the current collector film and then cause them dropped from the film. At last, the gases generated by the reaction of NCM with electrolyte and the dropped electrode materials mixed together and ejected from the battery to form a strong smoke flow.
Schematic of the lithium ion battery working principle31.
Reactions of electrolyte degradation process21.
Flowchart of the thermal runaway mechanism in Li-ion battery under heating condition.
Schematic of experimental system.
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