Note: The content of this section, including Tables 1 and 2, has been removed by the IAEA to better focus the report on nuclear power.
The Syrian energy sector is characterized by fossil fuel dominance, absence of renewable role and full exploitation of the hydro resources. During the last decades Syria''s energy supply relies on its own oil and natural gas resources. However, domestic oil production has declined rapidly during the period 1996-2005 from about 600 to 400 thousand Barrel a day. This situation escalates in view of the increase energy demand due to high demographic growth rate, socio economic changes and the achieved technological development in all consumption sectors represented by increased automation in the industry, increased mobility and car ownership and the enlarged penetration of electric equipments in the household and service sector as results of life style improvement.
Syrian fossil resources are limited to oil and natural gas (NG). The proven geological oil reserves are estimated to almost 24 billion barrel of oil equivalent (Bboe) of which 6.9 Bboe are extractable. Almost 4.3 Bboe have been already extracted up to 2003 and the remaining oil reserves are estimated to about 2.6 Bboe. The proven geological reserve of NG in Syria is estimated to 612 billion cubic meter (Bm3) of which 371 Bm3 are extractable. 60 Bm3 have been produced up to 2003 and the remaining reserve is about 311 Bm3. Table 3 presents the amounts of proven energy sources.
Estimated available energy sources�Fossil FuelsNuclear�RenewablesSolidLiquidGasUraniumHydroOtherRenewable�Total amount in specific units*�NA�327�285�NA�3�Total amount in Exajoule (EJ)�NA13.6910.62�NA0.01�
MOM, 2009. Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources, Reserves and expected annual productions of oil and natural gas, official letter to prime minister, Damascus (in Arabic)
The main indicators of Syrian energy system related to energy consumption and production are presented in Table 4.
19701980199020002005Average annual growth rate (%) 1990-2005 Energy consumption**������ - Total ���0.330.8�1.04�8.0%- Solids***�����- Liquids��0.26�0.45�0.67�6.5%- Gases��0.04�0.31�0.32�14.9%- Nuclear- Hydro0.020.020.044.7%- OtherRenewables��0.01�0.01�0.02�4.7% Energy production����� - Total ���0.931.5�1.15�1.4%- Solids***�����- Liquids��0.87��1.20.79�-0.6%- Gases� �0.04�0.3�0.3�14.4%- Nuclear- Hydro0.020.020.044.7%- OtherRenewables��0.01�0.01��0.024.7% Net import (Import - Export)���� - Total ��-0.6�-0.7�-0.11�-10.7%
** Energy consumption = Primary energy consumption + Net import (Import - Export) of secondary energy.
Source: Energy Balance (1990-2000-2005).
The overall target of Syrian energy policy aims at ensuring supply security by providing energy services to all segments of society at cost effective and affordable prices appropriate to Syrian economic conditions. To accomplish this goal Syrian energy policy is faced with three main challenges, namely expanding the gas market, sustaining the oil production and developing country�s power capacity. To manage these challenges following general implementation measures are considered:
Reducing the technical losses and illegal consumption,
Supporting the introduction of energy saving and efficiency improvement,
Encouraging the use of renewable,
Establishing cost oriented price policy,
Saving oil and substituting it by gas,
Attracting foreign investment in oil, gas and power sectors.
A key challenge for the Syrian natural gas (NG) industry is logistical, with gas reserves located mainly in north-eastern Syria, while population is centred in western and southern Syria. Syrian Petroleum Company currently is working to increase Syria''s gas production through several projects aiming at expanding and developing national NG network. Besides, the electricity generation policy has the priority to substitute oil by NG in the existing stations and converting NG power plants to combined cycle whenever possible. Moreover, the Government is in process to relax state monopoly over power sector. There are many efforts to reinforce the transmission and distribution of networks, and to improve the quality of customer services.
In order to reflect above national energy policy in the future structure of Syrian energy system in a consistent and well-organized way, comprehensive analysis has been performed covering both demand and supply side and using advanced methods like IAEA''s tools (MAED, WASP, MESSAGE and SIMPACTS).
On the demand side the future long-term (up to 2030) energy and electricity demand has been projected according to different scenarios reflecting the possible future demographic, socio-economic and technological development of the country. These scenarios are constructed to cover a plausible range, in which future evolution factors affecting energy demand are expected to lie.
The energy sector is part of the economic activities being administrated by the office of deputy prime minister for economic affaires. The main contributors in the Syrian energy sector are the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, the Ministry for Electricity, the Atomic Energy Commission (AECS).
The Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources produces limited amounts of electricity from gas released during the oil production process, which are being used in the operation of the oil production facilities and by the companies affiliated to the Ministry.
The Ministry of Electricity is responsible for investment, tariffs, planning, and policy formulation in the power sector. The power system is managed by the Public Establishment for Electricity (PEE), which is divided into PEEGT (Generation and Transmission), and PEDEEE (Distribution and Exploitation of Electrical Energy). PEEGT is responsible for transmission including the 400-kV and 230-kV levels, while PEDEEE supervises the 66-kV, 20-kV, and 0.4-kV levels. As a result, PEEGT has 230-kV customers, that is, large industries and irrigation. All other customers are under the responsibility of PEDEEE.
The Ministry for Irrigation is responsible for water resource management and hydro power plants. The Public Establishment of Euphrates is responsible for the three main hydropower plants of Thawra, Baath and Tishreen, all located on the Euphrates River.
Syrian generation sector relies mainly upon fossil fuel with an average share above 80% during the last two decades. For the future development of electricity generation system Syrian electricity policy focus on the following issues:
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