In Yemen, only 41.7% of the population can access the electricity network, and rural electrification is estimated at 22.8%. The sector cannot maintain power production to meet the demands and constrains the socio-economic development of the country. DPPR targeted to expand the coverage of electricit Contact online >>
In Yemen, only 41.7% of the population can access the electricity network, and rural electrification is estimated at 22.8%. The sector cannot maintain power production to meet the demands and constrains the socio-economic development of the country. DPPR targeted to expand the coverage of electricity network to 53% of the population, increase generation capacity of public network to 2,114 MW, and reduce transmission loss to 19.5%. To achieve these goals, Yemeni Government is converting diesel generation into gas turbine generation utilizing natural gas produced in Yemen, and introducing renewable energy in remote areas out of electricity grid.
Based on "Cool Earth Partnership" initiative of GoJ, government of Japan has decided to help Republic of Yemen by establish a semi pilot project of power generation by using the solar photovoltaic system to generate power for Al-Wahda Hospital in Aden. The project aims to mitigate affects of global warming by reducing GHGs emission and improve energy efficiency.
This program targets technical staff in Public Electricity Cooperation (PEC) in Yemen and provide them trainings, such as "Tig Welding", "Transmission Network Protection", "Power Cable Jointing", and "Diesel Power Plant Maintenance" by the cooperation of National Electric Power Co. (NEPCO), in order to cope with the lack of qualified technical staff in power sector in Yemen.
This work is a summary of the main of Yemen''s contribution to a regional Middle East and North Africa (MENA) project titled "Energy Efficiency Indicators". The project covered ten countries and started January 2011. The final Report was published on October 2012 [1]. The political unrest which erupted in many of the participating countries had led to delays in finalising the project.
The political unrest and lack of a National Data Bank has made the data collection phase very tedious. Nevertheless the data availability has reached more than 63 % which provides a sufficiently good basis to perform the study. Accordingly the indicators were calculated and the work was performed.
Since human activity is heavily dependent on energy usage and generation, energy indicators have long been used as a measure of a society''s development and sustainability. For example, in 1996 the United Nations Department for Policy Coordination and Sustainable Development complied over 130 indicators [2]. Such a large set can provide an accurate way to assess different aspects of sustainability and development [3–6].
In total 50 indicators were calculated covering a period of 7 years, 2003–2009. The civil unrest which started end of 2010 early 2011 has made it difficult to extend the analysis beyond 2009. The results of the calculations are discussed and analysed. The paper has shown that both energy efficiency and consumption are extremely low in Yemen. Finally, the paper shows also that energy dependency is reaching zero soon and within few years can be positive which shall make the country in a difficult economic situation due to heavy subsidies on energy sector and expected increase of energy consumption. Here one can see the value of this work as an initial step to help stakeholders of the sector to develop rational energy strategy for Yemen.
Energy demand was in 2009; 7423 thousand ton oil equivalent (ktoe) [7, 8]. This demand is met by local production and imported oil products of 4550 ktoe. However, Yemen exports crude oil and natural gas which reached 12,694 ktoe in 2009. Figure 1 shows the energy profile of the country. The grand total of energy production in 2009 reached 15,567 ktoe. The transport sector was accounted for 34 % of the consumption (most consumption), while minimum consumption was due to the tertiary sector. The profile structure can be explained by the fact that only 70 % of the country is covered by electricity, tourist industry is not strong due to the high security risk and biomass is not included in residential consumption.
Energy consumption of different sectors
The energy resources in Yemen consist of the following:
Oil [2]: It is the main source of energy. Yemen has been exporting oil since the nineteen eighties. The amount of produced crude oil reached 400,000 barrel/day in nineteen nineties but in 2009 it was 284 barrel/day.
Gas [2]: Currently, the certified gas reserved is 18.215 tcf. From this amount 9.5 tcf is allocated for export. The rest can be used for domestic needs or for export.
Renewable Energy Resources: They have a high potential. A study carried out by the Consultants Lahmeyer International, Germany assessed these potentials and had the following findings [9]:
Wind: preliminary estimates showed that around 14,214 MW could be developed at assessed windfarm sites. Economically attractive sites were those with more than 3500 full load hours per year. A capacity of around 2507 MW could be developed at these sites which could generate around 8293 GWh of electricity per year.
Solar: The annual average solar insolation in Yemen ranges from 5.2 to 6.8 kWh/m2/day. The resource assessment study estimated a technical potential for different applications, e.g. solar heating, photovoltaic and solar thermal, that could reach 2210 MW.
Geothermal: Yemen is situated near three tectonic boundaries which are among the most active in the world, viz. the Gulf of Aden, the Red Sea and the Eastern African Rift System. These three tectonic plates meet in a triple junction creating high geothermal gradient, and subsequently geothermal energy potential was estimated to be 28.5 GW.
Yemen has specific factors affecting calculation results of energy indicators. These factors are listed below:
Electricity and oil products are heavily subsidised, the subsidies reached around US$2.7 Billion in 2014. This is approximately 6 % of the GDP. This situation affects Energy Intensity Indicators. For example, energy intensity could be high because the fuel is cheap, see Appendix Table 10.
Shortage of power generation to meet demand is estimated to be 1200 MW. This shortage is around 30 %. In addition, more than 30 % of the country territory is not covered by electricity supply and many industries have their own power station which are not connected to the national grid. Therefore, the average electricity consumption is very low.
Biomass (wood, firewood and/or charcoal, dang, etc.) has substantial participation in rural household energy consumption. This form of energy is not recorded and varies from 1 year to another depending on some factors such as liquid petroleum gas (LPG) availability, rainfall and unemployment in rural areas.
Yemen''s GDP is considered to be very low. According to the IMF [4] Yemen''s GDP per capita in 2009 was USD 2475 and it was ranked 137 in the world, due to the political instability since 2011 the GDP has been dropping.
Appendix shows basic formulas for calculation of those indicators which require further clarification. In order to calculate the indicators, the necessary data had to be collected. During data collections a number of difficulties were faced some of which are listed below:
Access to data sources is not easy, moreover some data is considered secret.
The political unrest since 2011 has limited the data availability for these years.
There is no data history.
The available data contains discrepancies.
Complex routine and bureaucracy in all ministries and even private sector entities.
Involvement of various entities in the same task, for example transport sector.
Unfortunately in Yemen there is no National Data Bank.
In order to comprehensively carry out the task many sources were used, mainly:
Yearly Statistical Book [7].
Records of many ministries, entities, corporations and organization concerned in energy [10–15].
Records of some international agencies [16].
Macro-level indicators are concerned with the country''s energy status and its impact on the economy, social development and the environment. The importance of macro-level indicators of energy of a country comes from the fact they reflect its level of economic and social development. In addition, macro-level indicators expose other aspects such as environmental issues and energy efficiency. The formulas need to calculate these indicators are presented in Appendix Table 10. In this study the macro level indicators include:
Energy dependency, which is related to energy import/export status and is an indicator of a country''s dependency on energy imports.
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