The Leclanché cell is a battery invented and patented by the French scientist Georges Leclanché in 1866.[1][2][3] The battery contained a conducting solution (electrolyte) of ammonium chloride, a cathode (positive terminal) of carbon, a depolarizer of manganese dioxide (oxidizer), and an anode (negative terminal) of zinc (reductant).[4][5] The chemistry of this cell was later successfully adapted to manufacture a dry cell.
In 1866, Georges Leclanché invented a battery that consisted of a zinc anode and a manganese dioxide cathode wrapped in a porous material, dipped in a jar of ammonium chloride solution. The manganese dioxide cathode had a little carbon mixed into it as well, which improved conductivity and absorption.[6] It provided a voltage of 1.4 volts.[7] This cell achieved very quick success in telegraphy, signalling and electric bell work.
The dry cell form was used to power early telephones—usually from an adjacent wooden box affixed to the wall—before telephones could draw power from the telephone line itself. The Leclanché cell could not provide a sustained current for very long; in lengthy conversations, the battery would run down, rendering the conversation inaudible.[8] This is because certain chemical reactions in the cell increase its internal resistance and, thus, lower its voltage. These reactions reverse themselves when the battery is left idle, making it good for many short periods of use with idle time between them, but not long periods of use.[9]
The original form of the cell used a porous pot. This gave it a relatively high internal resistance, and various modifications were made to reduce the resistance. These included the "Agglomerate block cell" and the "Sack cell". Leclanché first, and Carl Gassner later, both strived to transform the original wet cell into a more portable and more efficient dry cell.
The redox reaction in a Leclanché cell involves the two following half-reactions:
As the current travels around the circuit, when the electrons enter the cathode (carbon rod), they combine with manganese dioxide (MnO2) and water (H2O), which react with each other to produce manganese oxide (Mn2O3) and negatively charged hydroxide ions. This is accompanied by a secondary acid-base reaction in which the hydroxide ions (OH–) accept a proton (H+) from the ammonium ions present in the ammonium chloride electrolyte to produce molecules of ammonia and water.[10]
or if one also considers the hydration of the Mn2O3(s) sesquioxide into Mn(III) oxy-hydroxide:
Alternately, the reduction reaction of Mn(IV) can proceed further, forming Mn(II) hydroxide.
The electromotive force (e.m.f.) produced by a Leclanche cell is 1.4 volts, with a resistance of several ohms where a porous pot is used.[7] It saw extensive usage in telegraphy, signaling, electric bells and similar applications where intermittent current was required and it was desirable that a battery should require little maintenance.
The Leclanché battery wet cell was the forerunner of the modern zinc–carbon battery (a dry cell). The addition of zinc chloride to the electrolyte paste raises the e.m.f. to 1.5 volts. Later developments dispensed with the ammonium chloride completely, giving a cell that can endure more sustained discharge without its internal resistance rising as quickly (the zinc chloride cell).
A Leclanche cell is a battery invented by Georges Lechlanche, which contains an electrolytic solution, a cathode and an anode. The evolved version of this cell is known as the dry cell. It was an immediate commercial success due to its low cost of production and availability.
One of the most common variations of this cell is the Zinc-Carbon battery which has wide common applications in alarm clocks, flashlights etc.
In this article we are going to study the concept of the Leclanche Cell in brief, its construction, working, difference with respect to daniel cell and its wide uses.
Leclanche is a type of primary cell which consists of a cathode and anode, holding an electrolytic solution. There are generally three variations of Leclanche cells: Zinc, Zinc chloride and Alkaline manganese. The cell was first invented in 1866. It is widely used in signalling networks and in systems where a low value of current is needed.
We are going to study it briefly in the upcoming part of the article.
The Leclanchecell is a type of battery that was invented in the 19th century. It was created by Georges Leclanche, a French engineer, in 1866. The cell consists of a zinc electrode (negative terminal), a carbon electrode (positive terminal), and a mixture of manganese dioxide and carbon powder as the cathode.
The Leclanché cell had a limited capacity and was prone to corrosion, which reduced its lifespan. However, it was inexpensive to produce and provided a steady flow of electricity for a decent amount of time. It became popular due to its convenience and practicality.
Over time, the Leclanché cell was largely replaced by more advanced battery technologies, such as alkaline batteries and lithium-ion batteries. However, its legacy as one of the earliest practical batteries paved the way for the development of modern portable power sources.
Leclanche cell consists of a few following parts:
The Leclanche cell has a similar working principle to that of a dry cell, which consists of a zinc rod as an anode and a carbon rod as a cathode.
The working of the Leclanche cell is based on several chemical reactions,
The dry cell can be represented as,
Oxidation at anode:
The electrons are released at the anode and flow through the cathode in an external circuit. Ammonium ion is reduced to molecular hydrogen and is reduced to manganese dioxide.
About Leclanche dry cell diagram
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