Praia solar energy policy

This paper aims to contribute to the energy policy in Brazil to deploy solar energy by exploring its potential, taking into account the characteristics of the country's power system, the existing resources and the expectations for the evolution of solar technologies.
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This paper aims to contribute to the energy policy in Brazil to deploy solar energy by exploring its potential, taking into account the characteristics of the country''s power system, the existing resources and the expectations for the evolution of solar technologies.

Energy saving/energy efficiency: Although a regional policy and several energy efficiency initiatives and programmes have been put in place, the importance given to energy efficiency and its impact is still low in the ECOWAS region.

The objective of the program was to generate energy and income, helping the devel-opment of solar technology in the distributed modality in Brazil and by the same token reduce poverty. In 2014, 9156 photovoltaics (PV) panels of 230 W were installed on the rooftops of popular residences and 6 micro-wind turbines of 5kWp in the common area,

IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity.

The PV supply chain is the renewable source that generates most jobs in the world (REN21 2018) and Schmidt et al. reported a optimum percentage of up to 37% for the penetration of PV energy in the national electricity matrix, due to the exceptional complementarity between already installed capacity of hydro and wind energy with solar potentials

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This work was supported by Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel in Brazil (CAPES)(Grant No. 88881.189627/2018-01).

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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DOI: https://doi /10.1007/s10668-020-00857-0

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Brazil''s 2050 National Energy Plan (NEP 2050) outlines the importance of solar pv for Brazil''s energy mix. Solar power has become a competitive alternative as a renewable source of energy and can help the country meet its commitments to reduce greenhouse gases, the report says. As in the case of wind, the NEP report sees a significant expansion of solar photovoltaics based on its prospective increased competitiveness in the 2050 time frame. Considering only centralized generation, solar photovoltaics should reach an installed capacity of 27–90 GW generating 8–26 GW on average by 2050; those figures assume a total solar installed capacity of 5–16% generating 4–12% of total energy by 2050, disregarding the share of DG PV in the mix.

Published during the Covid-19 pandemic, Brazil''s 2050 National Energy Plan (NEP 2050) spell out long-term strategies for the country''s energy sector while expressing concern about the uncertainties of this moment in History in which public health is a key factor for the future of the economy at large and, consequently, of the electricity sector. Nevertheless, the plan asserts its significance as a vision of the future and argues for its ability to guide development during this challenging period.

The NEP 2050 issued by the Ministry of Mines and Energy on December 16, 2020, looks into different aspects of the energy sector''s development by examining several ongoing changes in the production and use of energy. The report aims to support decision making through modelling and analysis of long-term impacts associated with different energy policy choices. Its stated goal is "not to predict the future but to aid decision makers in a context of very complex interactions, abundant variables and uncertainties, and sometimes disruptive shifts".

The expansion scenario allows for an average 2.2% yearly growth rate, and supports the view that the consumption in 2050 may reach twice the level recorded by the end of 2015, with a more accelerated growth exceeding 2.5% per annum in the first fifteen years since then, while considering an average GDP growth of 3.1% p.a. and GDP per capita growth of 2.8%. On the other hand, the "Stagnation" scenario shows consumption growing by just over 10% during the same time frame.

Despite the uncertainty about the electricity sector''s development in the long term, the report indicates that Brazil''s energy potential far exceeds the estimated total energy demand within that period. This poses the challenge of managing the abundance of resources and the economic implications arising from the country''s becoming a major producer of energy from a range of different renewable sources.

According to the NEP report, Brazil''s energy potential will reach nearly 280 billion toe (ton of oil equivalent) by 2050. This figure represents a potential of 21.5 billion toe in non-renewable resources plus an annual potential of 7.4 billion toe in renewable resources over 35 years. However, the demand for energy may grow from 300 million toe to about a mere 600 million toe p.a. Over 35 years, this may reach a total accumulated energy demand of just under 15 billion toe, which illustrates the enormous disparity between Brazil''s resource potential and its estimated energy demand (figure 1).

The share of easier-to-exploit resources adds up to just over 24 billion toe, of which 11 billion toe are from non-renewable resources. Renewable resources –which may reach up to 13 billion toe– comprise thermal power plants, biomass, HPPs that do not encroach upon protected areas, onshore photovoltaic plants and wind farms, small hydropower plants, and offshore wind farms within 10 km off the coast.

About Praia solar energy policy

About Praia solar energy policy

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