Baku energy storage for demand response

Key words: Day-ahead power scheduling / Off-grid mode / Consumer involvement / Bi-demand side management approaches / Non-dominated solutions

© The Author(s), published by EDP Sciences, 2024

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons /licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

t, T: Time

n, N: EG

m, M: Consumers

i, J, Λ: Bus

A, B, C: Fuel cost factors of EGs

CSU, CSD: Cost sharing up and down for EGs

UP, DP: Ramp up and ramp down for EGs

UT, DT: Up and down time for EGs

Δ: Level of participation IN shifting demand

ξpr: Prices offered for demand reduction

D, QD: Active and reactive demand of consumers

Vref: Voltage references

CN: EG’s cost

CDR: Demand reduction’s cost

Pn: EG’s power

VΛ: Voltage index

λ: Status of the demand reduction (Binary variable)

kDR, wDR: Status of the starting and ending times for demand reduction (Binary variable)

αOff, αOn: Status of the EG’s in off and on modes (Binary variable)

In Figure 1, the proposed electrical grid in off-mode is shown, in which electrical generators (EGs), operators and consumers are cooperated based on exchange data for optimal energy dispatch in the system.

Fig. 1

Proposed electrical grid in off-mode.

The Bi-DSM approaches modelling as load-shifting and load reduction methods are formulated as follows [42–45]:

The multiple objectives are modelled considering minimizing operation costs and voltage profile improvement as follows:

The constraint of the voltage profile is modelled by (11): $\begin{matrix} V_{Λ}^{\min} \leq V_{Λ} (s, t, Λ) \leq V_{Λ}^{\max} & \forall s, t, Λ \end{matrix} .$ (11)

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