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A member of the Democratic Party, Lewis was first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1986 and served 17 terms. The district he represented included most of Atlanta. Due to his length of service, he became the dean of the Georgia congressional delegation. He was one of the leaders of the Democratic Party in the House, serving from 1991 as a chief deputy whip and from 2003 as a senior chief deputy whip. He received many honorary degrees and awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2012.
John Robert Lewis was born close to Troy, Alabama, on February 21, 1940, the third of ten children of Willie Mae (née Carter) and Eddie Lewis.[2][3][4] His parents were sharecroppers in rural Pike County, Alabama, of which Troy was the county seat.[5][6] His great-grandfather, Frank Carter, had been born a slave in the same county in 1862, and lived until Lewis was seven years old.[7]
After writing to King about being denied admission to Troy University in Alabama, Lewis was invited to meet with him. King, who referred to Lewis as "the boy from Troy", discussed suing the university for discrimination, but he warned Lewis that doing so could endanger his family in Troy. After discussing it with his parents, Lewis decided instead to proceed with his education at a small, historically black college in Tennessee.[23]
Lewis graduated from the American Baptist Theological Seminary in Nashville, Tennessee, and was ordained as a Baptist minister.[9][8] He then earned a bachelor''s degree in religion and philosophy from Fisk University, also a historically black college. He was a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity.[24][25]
As a student, Lewis became an activist in the civil rights movement. He organized sit-ins at segregated lunch counters in Nashville and took part in many other civil rights activities as part of the Nashville Student Movement. The Nashville sit-in movement was responsible for the desegregation of lunch counters in the city''s downtown. Lewis was arrested and jailed many times during the nonviolent activities to desegregate the city''s downtown businesses.[26] He was also instrumental in organizing bus boycotts and other nonviolent protests to support voting rights and racial equality.[27]
During this time, Lewis said it was important to engage in "good trouble, necessary trouble" in order to achieve change, and he held to this credo throughout his life.[28]
While a student, Lewis was invited to attend nonviolence workshops held at Clark Memorial United Methodist Church by the Rev. James Lawson and Rev. Kelly Miller Smith. Lewis and other students became dedicated to the discipline and philosophy of nonviolence, which he practiced for the rest of his life.[29]
When CORE gave up on the Freedom Ride because of the violence, Lewis and fellow activist Diane Nash arranged for Nashville students from Fisk and other colleges to take it over and bring it to a successful conclusion.[37][38]
In February 2009, 48 years after the Montgomery attack, Lewis received a nationally televised apology from Elwin Wilson, a white southerner and former Klansman.[39][40]
Lewis wrote in 2015 that he had known the young activists Michael Schwerner and Andrew Goodman from New York. They, along with James Chaney, a local African-American activist from Mississippi, were abducted and murdered in June 1964 in Neshoba County, Mississippi, by members of the Ku Klux Klan including law enforcement.[41]
After Lewis, Dr. King gave his now celebrated "I Have a Dream" speech.[47][48][49] Historian Howard Zinn later wrote of this occasion:
At the great Washington March of 1963, the chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), John Lewis, speaking to the same enormous crowd that [next] heard King''s "I Have a Dream" speech, was prepared to ask the right question: ''Which side is the federal government on?'' That sentence was eliminated from his speech by the other organizers of the March to avoid offending the Kennedy Administration.
In 1964, SNCC opened Freedom Schools, launched the Mississippi Freedom Summer for voter education and registration.[50] Lewis coordinated SNCC''s efforts for Freedom Summer, a campaign to register black voters in Mississippi and to engage college student activists in aiding the campaign. Lewis traveled the country, encouraging students to spend their summer break trying to help people vote in Mississippi, which had the lowest number of black voters and strong resistance to the movement.[51]
Lewis served as SNCC chairman until 1966, when he was replaced by Stokely Carmichael.[55][56]
In 1966, Lewis moved to New York City to take a job as the associate director of the Field Foundation of New York.[57][58] He was there a little over a year before moving back to Atlanta to direct the Southern Regional Council''s Community Organization Project.[59][58] During his time with the Field Foundation, he completed his degree from Fisk University.[60]
In January 1977, incumbent Democratic U.S. Congressman Andrew Young of Georgia''s 5th congressional district resigned to become the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N. under President Jimmy Carter. In the March 1977 open primary, Atlanta City Councilman Wyche Fowler ranked first with 40% of the vote, failing to reach the 50% threshold to win outright. Lewis ranked second with 29% of the vote.[64] In the April election, Fowler defeated Lewis 62%–38%.[65]
After his unsuccessful bid, Lewis accepted a position with the Carter administration as associate director of ACTION, responsible for running the VISTA program, the Retired Senior Volunteer Program, and the Foster Grandparent Program. He held that job for two and a half years, resigning as the 1980 election approached.[66]
In 1981, Lewis ran for an at-large seat on the Atlanta City Council. He won with 69% of the vote,[67] and served on the council until 1986.[68]
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