Developing world cities may have a unique opportunity to address climate change. They have the option of choosing growth trajectories that will help them meet both developmental and sustainability goals. Many global cities with mature and developed economies might not have the same choice, forcing them to restructure and rebuild their highly carbon-dependent economies to achieve their climate goals. Cities have stepped up to this challenge by voluntarily declaring commitments to reduce carbon emissions alongside the NDCs (Nationally Determined Contributions) of their national governments. The mobility sector, which contributes to about a quarter of global CO2 emissions, has been a key focus in these commitments.
This summer, I had the opportunity to work with the Department of Transportation and Public Works of the City of Buenos Aires, which is one of the cities pioneering bold climate action in the Global South. Through its latest Climate Action Plan, Buenos Aires aims to achieve a 50 percent reduction in emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2050—a goal more ambitious than what was outlined in its previous action plans. Mobility is a key focus in the plan, with 6 of 19 actions directly targeted toward reducing transportation-based emissions. These actions are focused on both reducing automobile trips and transitioning to cleaner fuels. Here are the city''s key priorities.
Another key priority for Buenos Aires has been urban logistics. E-commerce has seen an exponential rise during the pandemic. Even as the permanent impact of this shift is yet to be seen, the city is preparing to optimize its urban logistics sector through better regulation and organization of its pick-up and drop-off zones. It is also actively supporting the private sector to shift to sustainable modes such as e-cargo bikes.
In addition, Buenos Aires is actively working toward changing the transportation culture and expectations of its residents through public events and campaigns. For example, in September 2021, the city held a mega fair to celebrate Sustainable Mobility Week, which featured walking, biking, public transport, and electric vehicles as better alternatives to cars. The fact that sustainable mobility features among the top priorities of political leaders is also a clear indicator of the city''s commitment.
Secondly, a modal shift to bicycles and walking will require infrastructural changes and pricing mechanisms which discourage car usage. Both of these rely on reallocating priorities and introducing additional costs to car users. This requires a cultural shift on a fundamental level and communication strategies that can facilitate change at the scale imagined by the plans.
Decarbonizing the mobility sector will be an important avenue for cities to achieve their lofty climate action goals. Buenos Aires is on the cusp of reengineering how people travel—by shifting more people to sidewalks, bikes, and buses—and can serve as a model for other cities with similar ambitions.
Anusha Chitturi is a MPP candidate at the Harvard Kennedy School and a Fulbright Student. Before HKS, she worked with a global non-profit organization to devise and implement sustainable transport solutions in Indian cities.
You candownloadour complete Our World in Data CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions database.
In the selection box above you can also add or remove additional countries and they will appear on all of the charts on this page. This allows you to compare specific countries you might be interested in, and measure progress against others.
The data will continue to update – often on an annual basis – with the latest global and country emissions estimates.
Annual emissions figures are often used to compare countries'' contribution to climate change. But this metric often reflects differences in population size across the world.
To understand the ''footprint'' of the average person in a given country, this chart shows per capita emissions.
These figures reflect ''production-based'' emissions, so do not correct for traded goods.
This interactive chart shows how much carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced in a given year.
This interactive chart shows the year-on-year growth in annual CO2 emissions.
Year-to-year changes in emissions can vary a lot – this can create a particularly ''noisy'' time series.
When we only look at emissions produced today, we fail to recognise historical responsibility for emissions in recent decades or centuries.
This interactive chart shows cumulative CO2 emissions – the sum of emissions produced since 1751 to the given year. This allows us to understand how much of the total CO2 emissions to date has been emitted by a given country.
How do production- and trade-adjusted emissions compare?
When countries set targets, measure or compare CO2 emissions, they tend to focus on production-based emissions – CO2 emitted within a country''s own borders. However, this fails to capture emissions from traded goods – the CO2 emitted in the production of goods elsewhere, which are later imported (or the opposite: emissions from goods that are exported).
We can estimate consumption-based CO2 emissions by correcting for trade. These emissions are shown in the interactive chart. Note that the resolution of data needed to calculate this is not available for all countries.
→ We provide more detail on consumption-based emissions in our article ''How do CO2 emissions compare when we adjust for trade?''
Looking at a country''s annual emissions is useful, but it can be hard to put these numbers in context of the global total. Is 10 million tonnes of CO2 large or small; what about 100 million; or 1 billion tonnes?
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