Most of us have seen wind turbines, but did you know the elements that help in the seamless operation of those turbines? Contact online >>
Most of us have seen wind turbines, but did you know the elements that help in the seamless operation of those turbines?
One of those elements is wind turbine generators. Before we talk about generators in details, let us know their function in operating wind turbines.
Wind turbines generate electricity by using wind power to drive an electrical generator.
When the wind passes over the blades, it exerts a turning force. The rotating blades make a shaft turn inside the nacelle, which goes into a gearbox.
Next, the gearbox speeds up the rotation to an appropriate level for the generator, which uses magnetic fields to convert the rotational energy into electricity.
There are basically two types of wind turbines — fixed-speed turbine and variable wind turbine.
Out of these two types of wind turbines, the most commonly used is the fixed-speed turbine, where the induction generator is directly connected to the grid. However, this system has its flaws because it often fails to control the grid voltage.
To avoid the flaws of a fixed-speed wind turbine, variable-speed wind turbines are used. These turbines provide stability to the dynamic behaviour of the turbine and reduce the noise at low wind speeds.
To operate a variable-speed wind turbine, however, an electronic converter is needed, and this is where the role of a wind turbine generator comes into play.
To equip a wind turbine with any three-phase generator, such as a synchronous generator and asynchronous generator, ensure more consistent operations.
In this article, we will mainly talk about different types of wind turbine generators and their functions.
Operating a generator at variable speed reduces the physical stress on the turbine blades and drive, and which improves aerodynamic system efficiency and torque transient behaviours.
A DC wind generator system has a wind turbine, a DC generator, an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) inverter, a transformer, a controller, and a power grid.
For shunt-wound DC generators, the field current increases with operational speed, whereas the balance between the wind turbine drive torque determines the actual speed of the wind turbine.
Electricity is extracted through brushes, which connect the commentator that is used to convert the generated AC power into DC output.
These generators need regular maintenance and are relatively costly because of using commutators and brushes.
Using DC WTGs are unusual in wind turbine applications except in the situations of low power demand.
AC synchronous wind turbine generators can take constant or DC excitations from either permanent magnets or electromagnets.
This is why they both are called "permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs)" and "electrically excited synchronous generators (EESGs)"."
When the wind turbine drives the rotor, three-phase power is produced in the stator windings that are connected to the grid via transformers and power converters.
In the case of fixed-speed synchronous generators, the rotor speed needs to be at exactly the synchronous speed. Or else, the synchronism will be lost.
When using fixed-speed synchronous generators, random fluctuations of wind speed and periodic disturbances happen due to tower-shading effects.
Moreover, synchronous WTGs tend to have a low damping effect so that they do not allow drive train transients to be absorbed electrically.
When synchronous WTGs are integrated into the power grid, synchronizing their frequency with the grid requires a delicate operation.
In addition, these generators more complex, costly, and prone to failure compared to induction generators.
During the past decades, PM generators have increasingly been used in wind turbine applications due to their high-power density and low mass.
The structure of PM generators is relatively straightforward. The rugged PMs are installed on the rotor to generate a constant magnetic field, and the produced electricity is collected from the stator by using the commutator, slip rings or brushes.
Sometimes the PMs are integrated into a cylindrical cast aluminum rotor to lower the cost. The basic principle of operating PM generators is similar to synchronous generators except that PM generators can be operated asynchronously.
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