Electric power multiple grids (transmission and distribution).
Hybrid optimization, control and RE power production diagram [4].
Series hybrid RE power system with single AC bus for all AC load [15].
Parallel (hybrid) RE power system with both AC and DC bus plus AC and DC loads [15].
Parallel hybrid RE system with both AC and DC bus for only all AC loads [15].
Hybrid RE three phase output voltage waveforms [30].
Schematic diagram of a grid PV-Wind system.
Simulation models of the two hybrid systems.
Schematic of UV water filtration system.
Image of the designed hybrid system.
Key words: Integrated hybrid system / Solar-Darrieus wind turbine / renewable energy / IoT-based monitoring / efficiency enhancement
© F.B.I. Alnaimi et al., Published by EDP Sciences, 2024
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons /licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The working principal of a Darrieus VAWT was noted as a wind turbine that uses the lift force generated to create the movement and power generation in contrast to the Savonius VAWT which uses the drag force generated from the wind. Darrieus wind turbines commonly have two or three blades and are alternatively known as “eggbeaters” due to its C-shaped rotor blades creating the shape of an eggbeater. However, this design was the turbine that was patented in 1931, where the evolution and innovation of the technology has brought upon various designs such as the H-Darrieus and the helical Darrieus. The turbine has good efficiency but low reliability from the large torque ripple and cyclic stress produced on the tower [11].
Aside from self-starting ability, efficiency and optimization of the wind turbine were discussed in the studies, with CFD analysis used in the majority of cases. An unsteady (transient) ‘‘Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes’’ (URANS) method was used as well as a quadratic equation based on a regression model and a rotational degree of freedom solver (6DOF). Obtaining an accurate prediction of the turbine''s behavior during startup requires the correct distribution of the lift and drag forces [14,15].
In Malaysia, the design of the hybrid energy system is more distinct and clear when dealing with wind energy due to the low average annual speed that the country experiences. A hybrid solar-wind power generator used to power street lighting has been designed and developed [16]. In such designs, the engineering of solar panels is taken into account, as well as the optimization of wind turbines and their systems, with the aim of producing the maximum amount of energy possible. The question that always arises in such studies is the effect of deflected flow because it reduces the power output capacity of the power generator [17].
For the purpose of juxtaposing studies in the existing literature, Table 1 serves as an illustrative benchmark, delineating key facets for comparison. These facets encompass:
F1–Working Mechanism of Darrieus Wind Turbine and/or Solar System: This factor delves into the operational intricacies of the Darrieus wind turbine and solar energy system, dissecting their functional synergies.
F2–Optimization Technology for Darrieus Rotor Blades: Within this parameter, the technological approaches employed for optimizing the performance of Darrieus rotor blades are examined.
F3–Geometry of Solar Panel: The geometry, configuration, and design specifics of the solar panel are appraised under this criterion.
F4–Development of Proposed Design: This factor scrutinizes the evolution and formulation of the proposed design within the context of the studied systems.
F5–Efficiency Enhancement of the System: The enhancement of system efficiency is a central consideration within this component, encompassing strategies and methodologies applied to bolster overall performance.
By dissecting these facets and presenting their nuances within Table 1, a comprehensive comparison across various studies is facilitated, contributing to a more holistic comprehension of the research landscape.
Benchmark studies in literature.
The research method is initiated with the design of the Darrieus wind turbine rotor airfoil as the airfoil affects the self-starting capability of the rotor and its ability to generate power. In this phase, there are several parameters that must be considered such as the TSR, geometry of the rotor, drag and lift coefficient, solidity, and forces of drag and lift.
The Geometry of the Rotor refers to the physical dimensions and characteristics of the wind turbine rotor, including the length and shape of the blades. A rotor with longer blades will capture more wind energy, while the shape of the blades influences aerodynamic performance.
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