Total energy supply (TES) includes all the energy produced in or imported to a country, minus that which is exported or stored. It represents all the energy required to supply end users in the country. Some of these energy sources are used directly while most are transformed into fuels or electricit Contact online >>
Total energy supply (TES) includes all the energy produced in or imported to a country, minus that which is exported or stored. It represents all the energy required to supply end users in the country. Some of these energy sources are used directly while most are transformed into fuels or electricity for final consumption.
Energy production includes any fossil fuels drilled and mined, which can be burned to produce electricity or used as fuels, as well as energy produced by nuclear fission and renewable power sources such as hydro, wind and solar PV. Bioenergy - which here includes both modern and traditional sources, including the burning of municipal waste - is also an important domestic energy source in many countries.
Imports, particularly of fossil fuels like oil, natural gas and coal, make up an important part of the energy supply in many countries. Countries that rely heavily on imported energy may be vulnerable to supply disruption from external events such as the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. In countries that export large amounts of energy, falling energy prices can also cause major economic shocks.
Energy sources, particularly fossil fuels, are often transformed into more useful or practical forms before being used. For example, crude oil is refined into many different kinds of fuels and products, while coal, oil and natural gas can be burned to generate electricity and heat. Other forms of transformation, such as extracting gas or oil from coal, play a relatively minor role in the energy systems of most countries.
One of the most important types of transformation for the energy system is the refining of crude oil into oil products, such as the fuels that power automobiles, ships and planes.
Another important form of transformation is the generation of electricity. Thermal power plants generate electricity by harnessing the heat of burning fuels or nuclear reactions – during which up to half of their energy content is lost. Renewable power sources generate electricity directly from natural forces such as the sun, wind, or the movement of water.
Total final consumption (TFC) is the energy consumed by end users such as individuals and businesses to heat and cool buildings, to run lights, devices, and appliances, and to power vehicles, machines and factories. It also includes non-energy uses of energy products, such as fossil fuels used to make chemicals.
Some of the energy found in primary sources is lost when converting them to useable final products, especially electricity. As a result, the breakdown of final consumption can look very different from that of the primary energy supply (TES). Both are needed to fully understand the energy system.
The sectoral breakdown of a country''s energy demand, which is based on its economy, geography and history, can greatly impact its energy needs and which energy sources it relies on to meet those needs – such as fueling automobiles, heating or cooling homes or running factories.
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North Macedonia is preparing an investment plan for a coal phaseout by 2030, grid strengthening, new capacities and the just transition
Minister of Economy Kreshnik Bekteshi presented the Just Transition Investment Platform for North Macedonia in Dubai, on the sidelines of the United Nations Climate Change Conference – COP28. The goal is to completely phase out coal-fired power and deploy 1.7 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030 alongside electricity grid and storage investments for energy security and just transition measures to support communities affected by decarbonization, he stressed.
The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development participated in the development of the platform. It is one of the signatories of the joint declaration with the Government of North Macedonia, European Commission, Climate Investment Funds, World Bank, International Finance Corp., European Investment Bank, Germany’s KfW Development Bank, Council of Europe Development Bank and Italian development finance institution Cassa Depositi e Prestiti.
The document is envisaged as a basis for investments, policy development and technical assistance, bringing together the Balkan country’s authorities, international financial institutions and the private sector, but also donors.
Total necessary investments by 2030 are estimated at EUR 3 billion, to be mobilized by private and multilateral development banks and supplemented by budget funds to achieve the climate goals, Bekteshi explained. Donors and philanthropists are ready to support energy transition and fair transition measures, storage projects and grid strengthening and capacity building with EUR 285 million in the form of grants and concessional financing, he revealed.
The minister added EUR 2 billion is expected to be mobilized from the private sector through the removal of investment barriers, primarily for investments in renewables.
Climate Investment Funds is preparing USD 85 million in grants and concessional finance for the coal regions in North Macedonia
Renewable energy auctions will be a particularly important component, according to the EBRD. It added that the Climate Investment Funds, headquartered in Washington, DC, is considering approving up to USD 85 million in grants and concessional finance for the coal regions in February, after North Macedonia submits an investment plan.
The government is preparing it in cooperation with the EBRD, World Bank and IFC, Bekteshi asserted. North Macedonia aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 82% by 2030 from the 1990 baseline, he added. It has the ambition to reach a 38% share of renewables in final gross electricity consumption by 2040, compared to 23% in 2020, the minister noted.
“Assistance for workers and communities impacted by the coal phaseout, providing them access to new high-quality green jobs and localized solutions are one of our main priorities during this process," he stated. The government adopted the Just Transition Roadmap in June and established a structure to lead the process, Bekteshi said at the event.
"We believe this is a model of how climate finance can be scaled up, in North Macedonia, the Western Balkans, and beyond, and we look forward to working closely with the government to support the delivery of these high ambitions," EBRD''s President Odile Renaud-Basso underscored.
North Macedonia has two coal hubs with mines and power plants – REK Bitola and REK Oslomej, both run by state-owned electricity producer Elektrani na Severna Makedonija (ESM). The country made the biggest progress in the Western Balkans in replacing coal facilities with renewables.
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Project is being implemented by a civil society organization Center for Promotion of Sustainable Development
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