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Researchers at Jilin University in China have developed a stretchy and self-healing lithium-ion battery that can be stretched to 250 percent of its original size without dropping its operational capacity.
Lithium-ion batteries offer the highest energy density of any energy storage technology invented to date. This translates to a higher range for electric vehicles or longer battery life for laptops and smartphones while occupying a fraction of the space conventional technologies like lead-acid batteries would have taken.
However, as technology evolves further, devices such as soft robots, wearables, and electronic skin are being developed. For an unhindered user experience, these devices need flexible energy storage, and researchers have been working on developing these over the past few years using lithium-ion chemistries.
However, with flexibility, there is also the risk of the internal components of the battery cells breaking and triggering a short circuit. To avoid this, self-healing is an important characteristic that the battery needs to have, especially when they are made stretchy.
Researchers at Jilin University used an innovative approach to achieve this.
A research team led by Xiaokong Liu, a professor at Jilin University, made their lithium-ion battery using long polymer molecules connected to each other with carbon and nitrogen bonds, also known as imine bonds.
The polymer can bind to both the positive and negative electrodes of the battery and also serve as an electrolyte. The team then built a small lithium-ion battery using lithium iron phosphate and lithium titanate for electrodes.
Doing so, the team developed a battery with ''all-in-one'' configuration where the electrolyte and electrodes were fused together at the interface. The battery continued to deliver power even when it was stretched or even cut in half and put back together.
Researchers worldwide are attempting to build stretchable and self-healing batteries. However, according to the researchers, these batteries are more flexible rather than stretchable, and the stretchable batteries cannot self-heal.
In their approach, Liu''s team has achieved a rare double feat with the help of dynamic covalent polymers. The polymer electrolyte has an ionic conductivity of 3.6 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature and an elongation capacity of 250 percent, the team wrote in a research paper.
The team also found that the polymer is highly resilient, and the ionic conductivity does not change drastically when strain increases.
The battery displays a self-healing capacity at room temperature. After being cut and healed, it showed an average discharge capacity of 126.4 mAh per gram and could steadily power a light-emitting diode (LED).
While this might sound like just a minor feat, it sets the stage for further work in this direction and the development of stretchable electronic devices and wearables in the future.
The research findings were published in the journal Supramolecular Materials.
AES claims that 20MW of energy storage it deployed in the Dominican Republic just a few weeks before Hurricane Irma, assisted the island nation in keeping power supplies running even as devastation struck.
In late August, local subsidiary AES Dominicana commissioned two 10MW energy storage facilities based on AES Energy Storage’s Advancion platform, which incorporates lithium-ion batteries and forms the building blocks of the company’s grid-scale energy storage solutions. Both are able to store energy for 30 minutes duration.
Following the arrival of Hurrican Irma in the first weeks of September, Energy-Storage.News had asked AES how the Advancion arrays had coped during the extreme weather event. The company was not able to respond directly until it had collated some data and today issued a statement on the situation.
AES said the Andres and Los Mina DPP projects, both in the Santo Domingo region, “played a key role in maintaining grid stability” as both Irma and then Hurricane Maria struck. The two arrays are providing frequency control services to the grid, maintaining balance on the network as it adjusts to second-by-second mismatches in supply and demand. They also support the operation of the Republic’s interconnected electricity system, SENI.
Previously, this frequency regulation was provided by thermal plants running 24/7, but now power plants on the island can be run more efficiently, as the batteries absorb power and then discharge it as needed, quickly and cleanly. AES claims the 20MW of energy storage obviates the need for 60MW of thermal generation capacity to deliver the same level of service.
During the category three and category four hurricanes, the local grid operator requested that AES Dominicana keep the two plants running, which the company owns as well as operates. Between around 40% and 55% of generators on the island were forced offline during the storms, while some transmission and distribution (T&D) lines were cut off. Some distribution lines were damaged, others had to be disconnected from the network as they stood in areas of high flood or wind risk.
The unmanned Advancion arrays kept running, operated from the existing thermal power plant control rooms at the two sites, remotely monitored by AES Energy Storage Services. AES said the battery storage systems performed “significantly more work than usual in order to stabilise the frequency”.
A technical case study provided by AES to Energy-Storage.News showed that at the Andres facility, the measured frequency range of grid power varied from 59.3Hz to 60.8Hz, while under normal circumstances it would remain between 59.8Hz and 60.2Hz, requiring less adjustment. The megawatt-output of the Andres array ranges from 4.8MW to -9.7MW as required, but during the hurricanes, discharges at the maximum capacity of 10MW were required to restore balance.
More than 10 hours of frequency disturbances were recorded at the Andres system and AES said that overall the batteries had to discharge some 56.5% more energy to achieve frequency regulation effectively than under normal operating conditions.
Similarly, the Los Mina DPP array, a containerised solution in four units – as opposed to Andres, which has been installed in a purpose-built enclosure – can store 10MW of power for 30 minutes. Ordinarily, the grid frequency varies from 59.8Hz to 60.2Hz, which under hurricane conditions became a range of 59.3Hz to 60.8Hz. The usual absorb-discharge range of 5.1MW to -9.8MW swung wildly to 9.8MW to -10MW. Over more than 10 hours of increased demand, the Los Mina array’s batteries delivered 59.8% more energy to the grid than normal.
AES said no outages were experienced at either array, with both maintaining their full operational capacity throughout. While both had to use more energy than normally expected to maintain system frequency, AES said the incident showed energy storage could “perform continuously without issues and provide responsiveness under times of grid duress”.
AES claims that, through comparison with benefits calculators provided by PJM Interconnection (which was the first US transmission organisation to value batteries for frequency regulation), energy storage in this instance was found to be up to 2.9 times faster and more accurate than “traditional power generation”. The company also made the claim that the Advancion arrays’ extra outputted energy was equivalent to the addition of 30MW of thermal power generation being added to the grid during the storms.
In other related consequences of the recent Carribean and American hurricanes, companies including Sonnen, Tesla and Tabuchi America have started either donating solar and energy storage equipment to the ravaged US territory of Puerto Rico or begun discussions with Puerto Rico’s administration about how clean energy companies could help restore and make resilient power supplies.
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