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Litijeve baterije su poznate po svojoj visokoj gustoći energije, što znači da imaju veći kapacitet energije u odnosu na druge vrste baterija. To znači da mogu raditi duže bez potrebe za punjenjem. Također su otporne na visoke temperature i vibracije, što ih čini izuzetno pouzdanim za korištenje u različitim aplikacijama. Ako tražiš nešto što će te osnažiti i omogućiti ti da se oslobodiš ovisnosti o struji, ovdje ćeš pronaći sve što ti treba. Litijeve baterije su idealne za one koji žele biti u pokretu, bilo da je to putovanje, izlet ili rad na projektu. Pogledaj ponudu i pobrini se da imaš snagu koja ti treba, kada ti treba i gdje ti treba.
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Various rechargeable batteries are currently available in the market for powering electric vehicles, presenting an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. The widespread adoption of electric vehicles hinges on the advancement of rechargeable battery technologies. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have emerged as a preferred choice due to their outstanding performance characteristics, including high energy density, long lifespan, and low self-discharge [6–8].
The heat generation of LIBs has been a subject of investigation by multiple researchers. Many have endeavored to develop accurate, simplified, and computationally efficient models for LIBs. However, several thermal analyses are based on modeling and are often limited to LIB operation near room temperatures, neglecting the wide range of working temperatures encountered in various applications, such as electric vehicles. Furthermore, there is a lack of comprehensive studies in the literature that systematically explore the impacts of different parameters related to the heat management of LIBs.
Recent advancements in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have underscored the critical importance of understanding and managing heat generation to enhance performance, safety, and longevity. This paper now integrates foundational studies with cutting-edge research to present a comprehensive overview of heat generation mechanisms, measurement techniques, and thermal management strategies in LIBs. Furthermore, this paper now includes recent advancements focusing on improving thermal management systems, enhancing safety, and optimizing the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). These advancements mark significant progress towards developing more reliable and efficient LIB applications.
The lithium-ion battery (LIB) stands out among all battery categories and cell types due to its exceptional performance and characteristics. The recycling potential and the increasing awareness of the ecological impact of lithium batteries have spurred innovative investigations aimed at enhancing LIB technologies. While ensuring safe operation remains a priority, research efforts are also directed towards cost reduction and minimizing adverse environmental effects [9–11].
The field of lithium-ion battery technology is witnessing rapid advancements. Research efforts in [12] on solid-state batteries, [13] on using AI for battery health diagnostics, and the analysis of patenting trends by [14] reflect the dynamic nature of LIB research. Furthermore, [15] ''s discussion on emerging battery technologies and Karuppasamy et al. [16] ''s exploration of 3D printed anode materials for sodium-ion batteries highlight the broadening scope of energy storage research.
Calorimeters can be categorized into four essential groups: isoperibolic, isothermal, adiabatic, and Tian Calvet heat flux. These devices play a crucial role in collecting heat generation data from a battery calorimeter, which is subsequently used to evaluate the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Different current rates are employed for charge and discharge cycles to observe LIB heat generation trends and determine LIB efficiency.
Figure 1 illustrates the classification of calorimeters. Battery calorimeters consist of a sizable volume analysis chamber immersed in a bath. Once the calibration of the battery calorimeter is completed, tests can be initiated. Ensuring calibration of the battery calorimeter before each experiment is essential. Typically, this calibration involves applying various electrical currents to a precise resistance positioned within the calorimeter chamber of the battery calorimeter. By utilizing the heat loss, which the battery calorimeter can measure, a model can be simulated to ascertain the temperature distribution of the LIBs. Additionally, the heat capacity of LIBs can be determined through this process.
A classification scheme outlining the heat generation processes within Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs) is depicted in Figure 1. Understanding the origins of heat generation and thermal effects in LIBs is crucial. Various parameters influence the heat generation of LIBs, with battery temperature being affected by factors such as cooling and heating systems in the thermal management system, ambient temperature, battery thermal conductivity, heat generation, and battery heat capacity. Among these factors, some may exert a more significant impact on the LIB temperature.
Table 1 presents various methods employed in the literature for determining the heat generation of lithium-ion batteries, with a notable inclusion of battery calorimetry. Numerous tests were conducted using different calorimeters to gain insights into the thermal behavior of Lithium-ion Batteries (LIBs). These investigations allow for the assessment of LIB features, including heat generation and efficiency, under diverse conditions such as varying current rates, temperatures, and state of charge during different charge and discharge operations. Figure 2 illustrates the application of battery calorimetry in thermal modeling and thermal management of lithium-ion batteries.
Classification of calorimeters.
Different methods were used in the literature for the heat generation determination of LIBs.
The application of battery calorimetry in (a) thermal modeling, (b) thermal mangement of lithium-ion batteries.
The thermal performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a pivotal aspect of their overall functionality, impacting efficiency, safety, and longevity. Heat generation within LIBs is influenced by a complex interplay of electrochemical, physical, and operational factors. This section delves into the primary parameters affecting heat generation, supported by recent studies and findings.
At the heart of LIB heat generation are the electrochemical reactions during charging and discharging. Bandhauer et al. [40] provide an in-depth analysis of the thermodynamics and kinetics of these reactions, highlighting how variations in material composition and electrode design can significantly impact heat generation.
The internal resistance of a battery, encompassing both ohmic resistance and polarization resistance, is a direct contributor to heat production through Joule heating (I^2R losses). Bedürftig [41] discusses the mechanisms behind internal resistance and its implications for battery thermal management.
The rate of charge or discharge, denoted as C-rate, profoundly influences LIB thermal behavior. Fast charging or high-power applications can exacerbate heat generation, necessitating enhanced cooling strategies. Reference [42] explores the relationship between C-rate and battery temperature, offering strategies to mitigate thermal risks.
The operational state of charge (SoC) and depth of discharge (DoD) affect the lithium-ion concentration gradients, influencing the internal resistance and heat generation. Authors in [43] demonstrate how SoC and DoD levels impact the thermal stability of LIBs, underscoring the importance of controlled charging practices.
The ambient and internal temperatures are crucial in dictating the thermal dynamics of LIBs. Temperature influences the speed of electrochemical reactions, with high temperatures potentially leading to thermal runaway. Researchers in [44] discuss the role of ambient temperature in LIB performance and safety, advocating for advanced thermal management systems.
Battery ageing and degradation mechanisms, such as SEI layer growth and lithium plating, can increase internal resistance over time, leading to heightened heat generation. Wang et al. [45] examine the effects of ageing on LIB thermal behavior, providing insights into the long-term thermal management.
Effective BMS are critical in regulating operational parameters to mitigate excessive heat generation. H. Binsalim and S. Badaam [46] detail how BMS can optimize battery operation, enhance safety, and extend lifespan through intelligent thermal regulation.
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