Energy in Yemen describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Yemen. Yemen is net energy exporter.
Primary energy use in Yemen was 87 TWh and 4 TWh/million people in 2008 and 88 TWh (4 TWh/M) in 2009.[1]
2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated
Yemen population increased 16.0% in five years 2004-2009. According to OECD/World Bank population growth in Yemen was from 20 million to 24 million in 6 years (2004-2010).[4]
This work is a summary of the main of Yemen''s contribution to a regional Middle East and North Africa (MENA) project titled "Energy Efficiency Indicators". The project covered ten countries and started January 2011. The final Report was published on October 2012 [1]. The political unrest which erupted in many of the participating countries had led to delays in finalising the project.
The political unrest and lack of a National Data Bank has made the data collection phase very tedious. Nevertheless the data availability has reached more than 63 % which provides a sufficiently good basis to perform the study. Accordingly the indicators were calculated and the work was performed.
Since human activity is heavily dependent on energy usage and generation, energy indicators have long been used as a measure of a society''s development and sustainability. For example, in 1996 the United Nations Department for Policy Coordination and Sustainable Development complied over 130 indicators [2]. Such a large set can provide an accurate way to assess different aspects of sustainability and development [3–6].
In total 50 indicators were calculated covering a period of 7 years, 2003–2009. The civil unrest which started end of 2010 early 2011 has made it difficult to extend the analysis beyond 2009. The results of the calculations are discussed and analysed. The paper has shown that both energy efficiency and consumption are extremely low in Yemen. Finally, the paper shows also that energy dependency is reaching zero soon and within few years can be positive which shall make the country in a difficult economic situation due to heavy subsidies on energy sector and expected increase of energy consumption. Here one can see the value of this work as an initial step to help stakeholders of the sector to develop rational energy strategy for Yemen.
Energy demand was in 2009; 7423 thousand ton oil equivalent (ktoe) [7, 8]. This demand is met by local production and imported oil products of 4550 ktoe. However, Yemen exports crude oil and natural gas which reached 12,694 ktoe in 2009. Figure 1 shows the energy profile of the country. The grand total of energy production in 2009 reached 15,567 ktoe. The transport sector was accounted for 34 % of the consumption (most consumption), while minimum consumption was due to the tertiary sector. The profile structure can be explained by the fact that only 70 % of the country is covered by electricity, tourist industry is not strong due to the high security risk and biomass is not included in residential consumption.
Energy consumption of different sectors
The energy resources in Yemen consist of the following:
Oil [2]: It is the main source of energy. Yemen has been exporting oil since the nineteen eighties. The amount of produced crude oil reached 400,000 barrel/day in nineteen nineties but in 2009 it was 284 barrel/day.
Gas [2]: Currently, the certified gas reserved is 18.215 tcf. From this amount 9.5 tcf is allocated for export. The rest can be used for domestic needs or for export.
Renewable Energy Resources: They have a high potential. A study carried out by the Consultants Lahmeyer International, Germany assessed these potentials and had the following findings [9]:
Wind: preliminary estimates showed that around 14,214 MW could be developed at assessed windfarm sites. Economically attractive sites were those with more than 3500 full load hours per year. A capacity of around 2507 MW could be developed at these sites which could generate around 8293 GWh of electricity per year.
Solar: The annual average solar insolation in Yemen ranges from 5.2 to 6.8 kWh/m2/day. The resource assessment study estimated a technical potential for different applications, e.g. solar heating, photovoltaic and solar thermal, that could reach 2210 MW.
Geothermal: Yemen is situated near three tectonic boundaries which are among the most active in the world, viz. the Gulf of Aden, the Red Sea and the Eastern African Rift System. These three tectonic plates meet in a triple junction creating high geothermal gradient, and subsequently geothermal energy potential was estimated to be 28.5 GW.
Yemen has specific factors affecting calculation results of energy indicators. These factors are listed below:
Electricity and oil products are heavily subsidised, the subsidies reached around US$2.7 Billion in 2014. This is approximately 6 % of the GDP. This situation affects Energy Intensity Indicators. For example, energy intensity could be high because the fuel is cheap, see Appendix Table 10.
Shortage of power generation to meet demand is estimated to be 1200 MW. This shortage is around 30 %. In addition, more than 30 % of the country territory is not covered by electricity supply and many industries have their own power station which are not connected to the national grid. Therefore, the average electricity consumption is very low.
Biomass (wood, firewood and/or charcoal, dang, etc.) has substantial participation in rural household energy consumption. This form of energy is not recorded and varies from 1 year to another depending on some factors such as liquid petroleum gas (LPG) availability, rainfall and unemployment in rural areas.
Yemen''s GDP is considered to be very low. According to the IMF [4] Yemen''s GDP per capita in 2009 was USD 2475 and it was ranked 137 in the world, due to the political instability since 2011 the GDP has been dropping.
Appendix shows basic formulas for calculation of those indicators which require further clarification. In order to calculate the indicators, the necessary data had to be collected. During data collections a number of difficulties were faced some of which are listed below:
Access to data sources is not easy, moreover some data is considered secret.
The political unrest since 2011 has limited the data availability for these years.
There is no data history.
The available data contains discrepancies.
Complex routine and bureaucracy in all ministries and even private sector entities.
Involvement of various entities in the same task, for example transport sector.
Unfortunately in Yemen there is no National Data Bank.
In order to comprehensively carry out the task many sources were used, mainly:
Yearly Statistical Book [7].
Records of many ministries, entities, corporations and organization concerned in energy [10–15].
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