The circuit and the mechanism I have explained in this article may be considered as the easiest and perfect dual axis solar tracker system.
The device is able to track the daytime motion of the sun precisely and shift in the vertical axis accordingly.
The device also effectively tracks the seasonal displacement of the sun and moves the entire mechanism in the horizontal plane or in a lateral motion such that the orientation of the solar panel is always kept in a straight axis to the sun, so that it complements the vertical actions of the tracker appropriately.
The pivotal arrangement allows the panel mounts to move on a circular axis over almost 360 degrees.
A motor gear mechanism as shown in the diagram is fitted just at the corner of the pivotal axis in such a way that when the motor rotates the entire solar panel shifts proportionately about its central pivot, either anticlockwise or clockwise, depending upon the motion of the motor which in turn depends on the position of the sun.
The position of the LDRs are critical here and the set of LDR which corresponds to this vertical plane movement is so positioned that it senses the sun light accurately and tries to keep the panel perpendicular to the sun rays by moving the motor in the appropriate direction through a definite number of stepped rotations.
The LDR sensing is actually accurately received and interpreted by an electronic circuit which commands the motor for the above explained actions.
This motion takes place in response to the position of the sun during the seasonal changes, therefore in contrast to the vertical movements; this operation is very gradual and cannot be experienced on a daily basis.
For the above procedure a different set of LDRs are used and are mounted horizontally over the panel, at a specific position as shown in the diagram.
A careful investigation of the circuit shown in the diagram reveals that the whole configuration is actually very simple and straightforward.
Here a single IC 324 is utilized and only two of its op amps are employed for the required operations.
The op amps are primarily wired to form a kind of window comparator, responsible for activating their outputs whenever their inputs waver or drift out of the predetermined window, set by the relevant pots.
Two LDRs are connected to the inputs of the op amps for sensing the light levels. As long as as the lights over the two LDRs are uniform, the outputs of the op amp remain deactivated.
However the moment one of the LDRs senses a different magnitude of light over it (which may happen due to the changing position of the sun) the balance over the input of the opamp shift toward one direction, immediately making the relevant opamps output go high.
The above sequence keeps on happening for the whole day, in steps, as the sun alters its position and the above mechanism keeps shifting in accordance to the suns position.
It should be noted that two sets of the above explained circuit assemblies will be required for controlling the dual actions or simply to make the above discussed dual tracker solar system mechanism.
At the first glance it might appear that the above circuit does not incorporate an automatic resetting feature.
However a closer investigation will show that actually this circuit will reset automatically when dawn sets in or in the morning daylight.
This might be true due to the fact that the LDRs are positioned inside enclosures which arespecfiiallydesigned in a "V" shape for facilitating this action.
From the reflection of of the rising sun light, during morning hours the sky gets more illuminated than the ground.
Since the LDRs are positioned in "V" manner, the LDR which faces more toward the sky receives more light than the LDR which faces toward the ground.
As the panel reverts towards the east, the relevant LDR begins getting exposed to even more ambient light from the rising sunlight, this pushes the panel even harder toward the east until both LDR are almost proportionately exposed toward the east rising sunlight, this completely resets the panel so that the process begins all over again.
In case a set reset feature becomes imperative, the following design may be incorporated.
The set switch is placed at the "sun-set" end of the tracker, such that it gets depressed when the panel finishes it''s days tracking.
As can be seen in the below given figure, the supply to the tracker circuit is been given from the N/C points of the DPDT relay, it means when the ''SET" switch is pushed, the relay activates and disconnects the supply to the circuit so that the entire circuit shown in the above article now gets disconnected and does not interfere.
At the same time, the motor receives the reversing voltage via the N/O contacts so that it can initiate the reversing process of the panel to its original position.
Once the panel finishes its reversing process toward the "sun-rise" end, it pushes the reset switch placed suitably somewhere at that end, this actiondeactivatesthe relay again resetting the entire system for the next cycle.
I am an electronics engineer with over 15 years of hands-on experience. I am passionate about inventing, designing electronic circuits and PCBs, and helping hobbyists bring their projects to life. That is why I founded homemade-circuits , a website where I share innovative circuit ideas and tutorials. Have a circuit related question? Leave a comment.... I guarantee a reply!
Solar energy is an efficient green energy which we should dig more t o be educated also we should no more aboult feuless generator
You are correct, appreciate your feedback.
Hello,I am a beginner at electronics and I am trying to understand this circuit. Could you please help me understand the purpose of the diodes? Won’t the circuit work the same if they were just excluded altogether.Thanks!
Hello, the diodes are for protecting the transistors from the motor’s reverse spikes or back EMFs. The diodes short circuit the spikes preventing them from entering the transistors from emitter to collector
Hi Swagatam. I’m a new commer actually I’m learning electronics, please tell me the operating current for both circuits. I can run on 12volts DC current. Thanks
Hi Asim, the current will depend on the motor current specification, and on the solar panel weight
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