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The project aims to provide a low-cost, durable, and sustainable solar-power system for off-grid villages. The solar-power system can generate a stable level and several amount of electricity. It should power different households'' appliances and cope with the daily electricity consumption.
The objective of this project is to design, develop, build, deploy a solar-power system and evaluate the system''s performance over time. Ta Kwu Ling will be the test site in Hong Kong within this project.
This project will carry out the following information and analysis:
Within the system, it is mode of a few major components which are solar panel, charge controller, battery and inverter. These four components need to be decided base on the requirements of the off-grid village and might vary between different households.
Figure 2. Design of Whole System with all Components
Table 1. Description of Processes
Figure 3. Flow Chart of the Processes
The solar power system was going to deploy at the position shown in Figure 4. The equipment station would be placed near the well, so it could reduce some of the cabling work. The solar panels would be installed on the iron frame in the farmland where did not have any obstacle covered the solar panels.
Figure 7. Solar Charge Controller
Lead-acid batteries were going to be used in this project. To decide the size of battery for the system, it has to concern how many watts the system needed. The range of size should be from number of watts used by the load to the daily power consumption. Therefore, there are three cases suitable for the project.
For the power generated by the two solar panels, since the average insolation duration in Hong Kong is 5 hours per day, the best case of total electricity provided is .
In Hong Kong, a three-member household was using around 9 kWh daily as mentioned before. This electricity consumption required at least 750 Ah battery array to support.
Deciding on the size that is the most suitable for this project, the aims act an important role. So, case B was chosen in this project. To leave some energy for spare or emergency situation, 300Ah could be a better choice for one day energy storage. Since it was hard to buy a 300Ah battery, building a battery array was decided to use for the solution. Four 12V batteries with two capacities which were 80Ah and 72Ah were being bought. The capacity in total was 304Ah for the battery array. They all were produced by AMARON with model 105D31R (80Ah) and 85D26L (72Ah).
Figure 9. Lead-acid Batteries
Other than the battery, cable was another important thing for the system work properly. Since this was a solar power project, photovoltaic cable had to be used here. Before choosing the diameter of the cable, we had to know how large the current passes through. According to the specification of the solar panel, the maximum value of current in operation was 16.6A and 17.1A for short circuit condition. As two solar panels were connected parallelly, the current passing through the PV cable would stack up which became 33.2A. For over 32A current, 6.0mm2 diameter was required. Therefore, the model PV1-F PV cable, having 6 mm2 diameter with black and red colour for each 50 meters, was bought for components linking.
Figure 10. Photovoltaic Cable
Since there were some distances between the equipment station and the well, we had to extend the length of the cable of the water pump. However, due to the characteristic of direct current, the voltage after passing through 50 meters cable was not able to power on a water pump. A transformer needed to be added before each water pump and AC 220V was used from the inverter to the transformer. Two model S-120-12 transformers of the brand SOMPOM with 12V 10A in operation were bought here.
Figure 11. Step Down Transformer (AC 220V to DC 12V)
Table 4. Items for Data Logging
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