Prior to selecting the UPS, it is necessary to determine the need. UPS may be needed for a variety of purposes such as lighting, startup power, transportation, mechanical utility systems, heating, refrigeration, production, fire protection, space conditioning, data processing, communication, life su Contact online >>
Prior to selecting the UPS, it is necessary to determine the need. UPS may be needed for a variety of purposes such as lighting, startup power, transportation, mechanical utility systems, heating, refrigeration, production, fire protection, space conditioning, data processing, communication, life support, or signal circuits.
Some facilities need an UPS for more than one purpose. It is important to determine the acceptable delay between loss of primary power and availability of UPS power, the length of time that emergency or backup power is required, and the criticality of the load that the UPS must bear. All of these factors play into the sizing of the UPS and the selection of the type of the UPS
Single Phase power is used in most homes and small businesses and adequate for running lights, fans, 1 or 2 ACs, some computers and motors up to about 5 horsepower; a single phase motor draws significantly more current than the equivalent 3-Phase motor, making 3-Phase power a more efficient choice for industrial applications
3-Phase power is common in large businesses, data centers, as well as industry and manufacturing around the globe. While it is expensive to convert to three phase from an existing single Phase installation, 3-Phase allows for smaller, safer and less expensive wiring.
Most consumers of electricity in India have a three phase mains connection if the total load is more than 5-7 KW. Only if expected load is below 5-7KW, then the consumer gets a single Phase connection. Even when the consumer has a three phase connection, the choice of three phase or single phase UPS depends on several factors like the loads to be connected to UPS and also electrical distribution within the facility from the building incomer, electrical switchgear and distribution units to the room the loads to be protected are within. This not only builds up a complete picture of the electrical circuits on-site. It also helps to determine whether to offer a three phase or single phase UPS system.
In UPS there are three potential phase configurations available. This is because a 3 phase mains or generator supply actually consists of three single phase supplies (and a neutral) with a 120 degree phase orientation between them. A 3 phase supply can deliver more electrical power than a single phase supply.
The laws of physics and Ohms Law also come into play, meaning that cable sizes also increase in diameter as amperages rise. A 10KVA output is generally the largest single Phase UPS system available. This is due to the output amperage and cable requirements. 10KVA=10,000VA / 230Vac = 43.5Amps.
Most datacentres, commercial and industrial buildings will have a 3 phase electrical incomer that connects them via a local distribution transformer to the Mains. Three phase circuits may be required throughout the building to carry the large amounts of electrical power required for large KVA three phase This is a generalisation as many environments can include both single and three phase loads of course.
From a UPS systems perspective, if we are to connect the UPS to a three phase supply we require a UPS with a 3/x configuration. If the loads are three phase as well, then we require a 3/3 configuration. If the loads are single phase we may need a 3/1 configuration.
Using a three phase UPS system can simplify a power continuity plan and allows a site to adopt a centralised power protection plan, where one large UPS is used to protect a complete building or critical circuits and operations within it. This is in contrast to a decentralised power continuity plan using a number of smaller UPS dispersed to protect clusters of loads like computers and lower power equipment (<10KVA) within a facility.
The wall sockets that we typically plug into are single phase supplies rated at 230Vac 50Hz in India. Typical examples would include ATMs, small lab equipments, desktop computers, file servers, switches, routers, hubs and telecoms systems.
Single Phase UPS systems up to 2KVA can be supplied with a plug or with covered terminals for hardwired installation. At 3KVA, the power required means that the UPS will be supplied as either a hardwired system or with a 16A plug. Above 5KVA to the largest single phase UPS system available (typically 10KVA) the UPS will require a hardwired installation and should also include an UPS maintenance bypass switch.
As like any other power source, UPS is a limited power supply and the capacity of the UPS is defined in KVA(apparent Power) and KW (real power).
To arrive at the capacity of UPS and the configuration of UPS, the following steps needs to be followed
• Step 1Need of Load• Step 2Configuration of UPS• Step 3Check on the KVA & KW demand supplied by the UPS
Tabulate the need of load as shown in the below table and arrive at the load demand of the loads expected to be connected to the UPS.
(Note:The load power factor has to be measured at the site or can be assumed based on the past experience)
Step 2:Configuration of UPS
The criticality, of the loads will determine the necessary availability of the UPS. Based on the criticality the UPS capacity or configuration can be selected.
Where N is the no of UPS, required to support the Load. For critical load with 66% redundancy N>2, where a minimum of 2 UPS is required to support the load and 1 UPS for redundancy
Step 3:Selecting the required UPS capacity
Based on the total demand and the configuration of UPS, the capacity of UPS is selected. The total load in KVA and KW derived in step 1 will have to divided by N as selected in step 2 to arrive the UPS capacity.
The sizing of UPS for loads which are dynamic in nature is a complicated subject, but with the recorded information as shown below, the optimised UPS capacity can be derived based on
• Inrush Current-Nature & Duration• Peak Process Current–Nature & Duration• Number of Loads, sequence of their operation• Load Power Factor• KVA and KW Demand of the UPS
Input surge current or switch-on surge is the maximum, instantaneous input current drawn by an electrical device when first turned on. The inrush current can be omitted in the selection calculation if the load is switched on only once and run continuously till the next shutdown of the plant as we can switch the loads in manual bypass and once the loads reach the steady state current, the loads can be transferred to the UPS.
If the loads are switched on & off repetitively then the UPS selection should include the inrush current also.
It is the maximum current drawn momentarily by the loads during the process time. This current can be repetitive in nature. The peak current has to be part of the UPS Sizing calculation irrespective of the nature and duration.
The UPS selection depends on the no of loads, if there is only one load, then the selection of UPS is simple and is based on the maximum peak Current.
If there are multiple loads with a combination of static and dynamic loading characteristic, then the UPS capacity is selected based on the sequence of operation of the loads.
When the loads are operated in sequence, the UPS capacity is selected based on the summation of rms currents of all the connected loads and the maximum rms peak current of the load as shown in the below formula UPS Capacity in KVA =√3 X VX ((∑1 N I rms)+ Imaxrms-peak)
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