The 2024 ATB represents cost and performance for battery storage with durations of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours. It represents lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)—primarily those with nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) chemistries—only at this time, with LFP becoming the primary Contact online >>
The 2024 ATB represents cost and performance for battery storage with durations of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours. It represents lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)—primarily those with nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) chemistries—only at this time, with LFP becoming the primary chemistry for stationary storage starting in
The 2023 ATB represents cost and performance for battery storage across a range of durations (2–10 hours). It represents lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) - primarily those with nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) chemistries - only at this time, with LFP becoming the primary chemistry for stationary storage starting in
The 2021 ATB represents cost and performance for battery storage across a range of durations (2–10 hours). It represents lithium-ion batteries only at this time. There are a variety of other commercial and emerging energy storage technologies; as costs are well characterized, they will be added to the ATB.
What is grid-scale battery storage? Battery storage is a technology that enables power system operators and utilities to store energy for later use. A battery energy storage system (BESS) is an electrochemical device that charges (or collects energy) from the grid or a power plant and then discharges that energy at a later time
The 2023 ATB represents cost and performance for battery storage across a
The 2021 ATB represents cost and performance for battery storage across a
In this work we describe the development of cost and performance projections for
The ATB represents cost and performance for battery storage in the form of a 4
The ATB represents cost and performance for battery storage in the form of a 4-hour, utility-scale, lithium-ion battery system with a 15-year assumed life.
NREL has completed an analysis of the costs related to other battery sizes (4-hour to 0.5-hour) for utility-scale plants (Fu et al., 2018)Fu, Ran, Remo, Timothy W., & Margolis, Robert M. (2018). 2018 U.S. Utility-Scale Photovoltaics-Plus-Energy Storage System Costs Benchmark. (No. NREL/TP-6A20-71714). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. https://Click to jump to reference.">(Fu et al., 2018); those costs are represented in the following figure from the report of that analysis.
The ATB does not currently have costs for distributed battery storage, including costs for (1) behind-the-meter residential or commercial applications and (2) micro-grid or off-grid applications. Analysis by NREL of a residential battery-plus-solar PV system has resulted in a range of costs for such systems (Ardani et al., 2017)Ardani, Kristen, O''Shaughnessy, Eric, Fu, Ran, McClurg, Chris, Huneycutt, Joshua, & Margolis, Robert. (2017). Installed Cost Benchmarks and Deployment Barriers for Residential Solar Photovoltaics with Energy Storage: Q1 2016. (No. NREL/TP-7A40-67474). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. https://doi /10.2172/1338670Click to jump to reference.">(Ardani et al., 2017).
Battery cost and performance projections in the 2020 ATB are based on a literature review of 19 sources published in 2018 or 2019, as described by Cole and Frazier (2020)Cole, Wesley, & Frazier, Will A. (2020). Cost Projections for Utility-Scale Battery Storage: 2020 Update. (No. NREL/TP-6A20-75385). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. https://Click to jump to reference.">(2020). Three projections from 2017 to 2050 are developed for scenario modeling based on this literature:
Base Year: The Base Year cost estimate is taken from Feldman et al. (Forthcoming)Feldman, David, Vignesh Ramasamy, Ran Fu, Ashwin Ramdas, Jal Desai, and Robert Margolis. (Forthcoming). U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System and Energy Storage Cost Benchmark: Q1 2020. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.Click to jump to reference.">(Forthcoming). Comparisons to other reported costs for 2018 and 2019 are included in Cole and Frazier (2020)Cole, Wesley, & Frazier, Will A. (2020). Cost Projections for Utility-Scale Battery Storage: 2020 Update. (No. NREL/TP-6A20-75385). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. https://Click to jump to reference.">(2020).
Within the ATB Data spreadsheet, costs are separated into energy and power cost estimates, which allow capital costs to be constructed for durations other than four hours according to the following equation:
For more information on the power versus energy cost breakdown, see Cole and Frazier (2020)Cole, Wesley, & Frazier, Will A. (2020). Cost Projections for Utility-Scale Battery Storage: 2020 Update. (No. NREL/TP-6A20-75385). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. https://Click to jump to reference.">(2020).
Future Projections: Future projections are taken from Cole and Frazier (2020)Cole, Wesley, & Frazier, Will A. (2020). Cost Projections for Utility-Scale Battery Storage: 2020 Update. (No. NREL/TP-6A20-75385). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. https://Click to jump to reference.">(2020), which generally used the median of published cost estimates to develop a Mid Technology Cost Scenario and the minimum values to develop a Low Technology Cost Scenario. Analysts'' judgment is used to select the long-term projections to 2050 from a sparse data set.
The cost and performance of the battery systems are based on an assumption of approximately one cycle per day. Therefore, a 4-hour device has an expected capacity factor of 16.7% (4/24 = 0.167), and a 2-hour device has an expected capacity factor of 8.3% (2/24 = 0.083). Because FOM includes costs to keep the system at rated capacity, no degradation is assumed.
Round-trip efficiency is the ratio of useful energy output to useful energy input. Cole and Frazier (2020)Cole, Wesley, & Frazier, Will A. (2020). Cost Projections for Utility-Scale Battery Storage: 2020 Update. (No. NREL/TP-6A20-75385). National Renewable Energy Laboratory. https://Click to jump to reference.">(2020) identified 85% as a representative round-trip efficiency, and the 2020 ATB adopts this value.
The following references are specific to this page; for all references in this ATB, see References.
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